被禁止的性行为与性暴力

成人与儿童的性接触: 儿童卖淫 2

儿童卖淫问题与另一个问题——贩卖儿童相联系，即儿童人口走私，为了剥削的目的把儿童从一地运到另一地。当父母允许一些“代理人”把孩子带到遥远的地方时，父母与孩子自己通常没有意识到把孩子窝藏究竟意味着什么。他们希望得到定期的雇用，但是不久就发现自己处于肆无忌惮的犯罪分子的掌控之下。大多数这种剥削属于经济方面的交易——孩子只是作为廉价劳力或所得报酬过低或不拿报酬的佣人。但是，也存在全国性和国际性的以性为目的的贩卖——孩子被强制卖淫，为他们的“雇主”挣钱。联合国估计，世界范围内每年约有1亿未成年人成为这些行业的受害者。

近数十年来，由于增长中的旅游业-其中包括一定数量的“性观光旅游（sex tourism）”，贩卖儿童问题已经越来越严重。要确定有多少儿童在这项“买卖”中被剥削是困难的。虽然国际机构通常把儿童定义为“任何低于18周岁的个体”，许多国家的刑法则使用狭义得多的定义。此外，正如前述所指出的那样，许多国家定义“允诺年龄”也不同，这样一来，问题可能混乱不堪。最后要说明一点的是，并不总是很清楚“未成年人”这个术语的正确含义究竟是什么。不过，不存在任何问题的是，在许多案例里，涉及到十分年轻的青少年、甚至青春期之前的女孩和男孩。

一些国家的儿童卖淫统计
(单位：千)
按照联合国儿童基金会的估计，世界范围内大量的儿童被性剥削。本图表显示6个国家的儿童卖淫者的数量。估计巴西的数量在50万到200万之间。此处显示的是平均数。
资料来源：联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Adult Sexual Contact with Children: Child Prostitution 2

The problem of child prostitution is connected with another problem – that of child trafficking, i.e. the illicit trading of children, moving them from one place to another for the purpose of exploitation. The parents and the children themselves are usually unaware of what is in store for them when they allow certain “agents” to take them to far-away places. They hope to find regular employment, but soon discover that they are in the hands of unscrupulous criminals. Most of this exploitation is of an economic kind – the children are simply used as cheap labor or as underpaid or unpaid domestics. However, there is also national and international trafficking for sexual purposes – the children are forced into prostitution in order to make money for their “employers”. UNICEF has estimated that, world-wide, every year ca. 1 million minors fall victim to these practices.
In recent decades, the problem has become aggravated by the growing tourism industry which includes a certain amount of “sex tourism”. It is difficult to determine how many children are exploited in this “business”. Estimates vary with the varying definitions of “child”. While international organizations usually mean “any individual below the age of 18”, many national criminal codes use much narrower definitions. Moreover, as pointed out earlier, they also define different “ages of consent”, and this can muddle the issue. Finally, it is not always clear what exactly is meant by the term “minor”. However, there is no question that in many cases very young adolescents and even girls and boys before puberty are involved.

Child prostitution in some countries
(in thousands)
According to UNICEF estimates, a great number of children around the world are sexually exploited. The graph shows the number of child prostitutes in six countries. The estimate for Brazil lies somewhere between 500 000 and 2 million. Shown here is the mean.
Source: UNICEF