变异的性行为

两个同时代的人：一个是残忍者，另一个是虐待狂 这两个历史人物可以用性施虐恋举例说明残忍和虐待之间的区别。两个男人都以他们自己的方式表现出了凶暴和反常。前者用公开残暴在国内外散布恐惧气氛；后者用秘密虐待达到他个人的性满足。 (左) 弗拉德三世穿心魔 (1431-1476)[1]，原名德古拉，他并不是吸血鬼，而是瓦拉几亚[2]的大公。他因其残忍和大屠杀而臭名昭著，他将他的实际的敌人和潜在的敌人集体钉死在锐木桩上。不过，迄今为止我们知道他并不是性施虐恋者。 (右) “吉尔斯·德·莱斯” (1404-1440), 全名叫吉尔斯·德·莱斯·蒙特默伦西-拉瓦勒，又名德·莱斯男爵，曾经是圣女贞德的战友，而且是历史上最大的大屠杀者之一。他诱拐了数十名男孩，这些男孩大部被掳虐到了他的城堡，受尽了折磨并被杀害。最终，他被俘虏[3]、审判和绞死。他的犯罪显然是虐待本性所致，而事实上，他也是萨德某些作品中的原型素材。德·莱斯也是传说中的青须公的原型人物；青须公(Bluebeard)即指结婚后不久将妻子一个接一个谋杀的冷酷杀手。

历史提供了许多残忍和嗜血成性的统治者的案例，从罗马皇帝卡利古拉(Caligula)到俄国沙皇恶魔伊凡(Ivan the Terrible)和瓦拉几亚的弗拉德·德古拉(Vlad Dracula)，也称为拉德三世穿心魔。但是，他们的残忍与此处讨论的施虐受虐癖无关，也与过去的官方严刑拷打无关，官方试图从被指控者那里挖出口供，因为他们只是以折磨为主基调的法律体系的代理人。甚至在纳粹灭绝集中营里的看守按照纳粹的规章“做了他们该干的事”，也并没有从中得到性快乐。在所有这些案例的这些做法里，残忍是显而易见的，但是虐待却十分令人拿捏不准。

残忍和施虐受虐癖不是同一回事儿。一种施虐行为只有当产生或增强性兴奋的时候，才算得上是性施虐。施虐受虐癖可能与残忍和暴力有关，但多数时候与之无关。所谓的性取乐谋杀者(lust murderer)任何时候都是罕见的。有时，像吉尔斯·德·莱斯(Gilles de Rais)这样的场面浩大的性施虐案使公众感到心惊肉跳，并使公众形成了对性施虐行为的总体印象，但是这两种结果都是易让人误解的。大多数施虐受虐癖追寻的是一个乐意臣服的性伴侣。这可能包括施加痛苦，但更典型的往往牵涉到口头责骂，角色扮演和身体固定(“捆绑”)。在达成一致的这样的施虐受虐接触比从前所认为的那样更为普遍。的确，最近数十年性施虐恋，在西方国家，施虐受虐癖越 来越多地进入了公众的视线，而且现在互联网使全世界容易对它有所了解。

[1]. 土耳其人把弗拉德三世称为穿心魔。——译者注。

[2]. 现今罗马利亚的一部分。——译者注。

[3]. 英国人俘虏了他。——译者注。

Two Examples: 2. Sadomasochism

Historical Background: Cruelty and Sadism

Two Contemporaries: One cruel, the other sadistic These two historical figures can illustrate the difference between cruelty and sadism. Both men were monstrous and atypical in their own way. The first one used his public cruelty to spread fear at home and abroad; the second used his private sadism for his personal sexual gratification. (Left) Vlad III the Impaler (1431-1476), the original Dracula, was not a vampire, but a ruler of Wallachia (today part of Romania). He was infamous for his cruelty and for the mass executions of his real or perceived enemies by impaling them on sharpened wooden poles. However, as far as we know, he was not a sadist. (Right) “Gilles de Rais” (1404-1440), Gilles de Montmorency-Laval, Baron de Rais, was a comrade-in-arms of Joan of Arc and one the greatest mass murderers in history. He abducted dozens of children - mostly boys – to his castle where he tortured and murdered them. Eventually he was arrested, tried and hanged. His crimes were obviously of a sadistic nature and served, in fact, as models in some of the writings of de Sade. De Rais was also the model for the legend of Bluebeard, a knight who killed each of his many wives soon after the wedding.

History offers many examples of cruel and bloodthirsty rulers, from the Roman emperor Caligula to the Russian czar Ivan the Terrible and the Wallachian Vlad Dracula, also known as Vlad the Impaler. However, their cruelty had nothing to do with the sadomasochism under discussion here. The same is true for the official torturers of the past, who tried to extract confessions from an accused person. They were simply agents of of a legal system of which torture was an integral part. Even the guards in Nazi extermination camps “did their job” according to regulations and derived no erotic pleasure from it. In all of these of these examples, the cruelty is obvious, but the sadism is very much in doubt.
Cruelty and sadism are not the same thing. A behavior is sadistic only if it produces or reinforces sexual excitement. Sadism can be associated with cruelty and violence, but most often it is not. The so-called lust murderers have always been very rare. From time to time, some spectacular cases like that of Gilles de Rais frighten the public and shape the general perception of sadistic behavior, but they are misleading. Most sadists seek to dominate a willing, submissive sexual partner. This can include the infliction of pain, but more typically involves verbal denigration, role playing, and physical immobilization (“tying up”). Such sadomasochistic contact between consenting sexual partners is more common than was formerly believed. Indeed, in the last few decades it has more and more come into the open in many Western countries, and the internet now makes it better known all over the world.