|
中间性
-
怎样对待中间性
|
|
社会-文化的态度
- 法律传统
|
|
所有的法律传统均起源于宗教，因为起初所有的法律都是神抵的法律。甚至于当首部法律成文时仍旧是如此。所有的古代法律制定者——从巴比伦统治者哈默拉比(Hammurabi，公元前18世纪)到《圣经》时代的摩西(Moses，约公元前13世纪)都要引用神抵的意志，把其作为它们的法律条款的来源。埃及的法老(pharaos)宣称他们是神抵的后代，中国和日本的皇帝自称为天子(其实日本的皇帝自称为“天皇”，有天子之父的隐喻。——译者注)，罗马皇帝被尊崇为神，甚至在公元7世纪，先知先觉者穆罕默德(the Prophet Mohammed)仍宣称自己有神灵感应(即在当前的伊斯兰教法律里保留的主张)。只有到了当代，西方的法律制定者才开始把宗教影响清理出法律。例如，法国皇帝拿破仑(Napoleon)在其1811年的革命性的《刑法典》(Penal Code)就消除了宗教的影响。其后，西方法律逐渐世俗化，尤其在人的性的领域的法律世俗化更为明显，这些法律条款变得更加注重实效了。毕竟，在现代民主政治体制中，法律被认定为通人情的立法者的作品，而立法者是由委托人选举出来以表达其委托人意愿的代表。可是，这种公众的意愿必须尊重某些不可取消的民事权利。例如，宗教信仰和种族生存的基本权利，而且无论少数民族愿意作出什么样的决定，他们仍会受到保护。最近数十年，这样的基本权利在一定程度上也被扩展到了性少数(sexual
minorities)。不过，对于中间性者的法律保护仍然缺乏。所以，中间性援助社团强烈要求另行法律改革，尤其要求在以下的领域进行法律改革。 |
|
Intersexuality - Dealing with Intersexuality
|
|
Socio-cultural Attitudes - Legal Traditions
|
|
All legal traditions have a religious origin, because originally all law was divine law. This remained true even when the laws were first written down. All ancient law givers - from the Babylonian ruler
Hammurabi (18th century BC) to the biblical
Moses (ca. 13th century BC) - cited some divine will as the source of their legal codes.
Egyptian pharaos proclaimed their divine birth,
the emperors of China and Japan called themselves sons of heaven,
Roman emperors were venerated as gods, and even in the 7th century AD,
the Prophet Mohammed still claimed divine inspiration, a claim kept alive in current Islamic law. It was only in modern times that Western legislators began to eliminate religious influences from the law, for example the French emperor
Napoleon in his revolutionary Penal Code of 1811. Since then, Western law has become increasingly secular, and especially in the area of human sexuality, has gradually become more pragmatic. After all, in modern democracies the law is seen as the work of human legislators who are elected to express the will of their constituents. This popular will, however, has to respect certain irrevocable civil rights. Thus, for example, the basic rights of religious, racial, and ethnic minorities remain protected, no matter what the majority might wish to decide. In recent decades, and to a certain extent, such basic rights have also been extended to sexual minorities. Nevertheless, in the case of intersexuality, the law remains inadequate. Therefore,
intersex advocacy groups
demand additional legal reforms, especially in the the following areas. |
