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被禁止的性行为与性暴力
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性暴力:
性骚扰: 性骚扰的形式
2
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2001年，美国教育部修订了关于学生的性骚扰指南[1]。修订的指南陈述道：
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“性骚扰是指不受欢迎的具有性的性质的举止。性骚扰可以包括不受欢迎的性求爱、要求性欢愉，以及其它具有性的性质的口头、非口头或身体的举止。对学生以性别为基础的性骚扰可能会否决或限制受性骚扰学生参与或接受帮助、服务或学校学业的机会的能力。”
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不过，这个新的指南也强调：
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“重要的是要牢记……防止性骚扰并不要延伸到合法的非性方面的接触或其它非性方面的举止。例如，一名高中体育教练拥抱踢球得分的学生，或幼儿园老师把儿童抱在着装的膝盖上来安抚，这些都不会认为是性骚扰。同样地，一位学生示范一项有关运动的技巧或技术，需要与另一位学生发生身体接触，这不会被认为是性骚扰。但是，在某些情形之下，非性方面的举止可能会呈现性方面的含义，并上纲上线到性骚扰的程度。例如，一名教师在不适当的情形下反复拥抱和用手臂楼着学生就可能会营造一种敌意的氛围”。
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后者的注意事项指出反性骚扰法律含混不清和潜在的滥用方面。当许多事例模糊不清的时候，其中就有不同的解释的可能。某些言辞和手势可能会被误解。对一个人看起来完全不伤大雅的拥抱对另一个人来说似乎就含有了性的含义。毕竟，不同文化背景的人常常就身体亲近的程度或身体接触他人的频率都有着宽泛的带有分歧的传统、习俗和感觉。至少，在像美国这样一个多元文化环境里，许多教师就他们以怎样的亲密程度来接触学生，已经变得忧心忡忡和过于谨慎了。这种状况可能会导致一定程度的人际情感疏离和师生关系中缺乏人情温暖。简而言之，当必须反对和阻止性骚扰的时候，我们也应该避免不加区别地把每一种人际接触的事例判定为身体或口头的与性有关的亲狎。
[1].美国教育部：反性骚扰指南修订稿：被学校雇员、或第三方当事人骚扰的学生。欲参考全文，请点击此处。
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Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence
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Sexual Violence: Sexual Harassment: Forms of Harassment 2
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The
US Department of Education, in 2001, revised its guidelines concerning the
sexual harassment of students
1. It stated that
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“Sexual harassment is unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment can include unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment of a student can deny or limit, on the basis of sex, the student's ability to participate in or to receive benefits, services, or opportunities in the school's program.”
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However, the new guidelines also emphasized:
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“It is important to recognize that (the)… prohibition against sexual harassment does not extend to legitimate nonsexual touching or other nonsexual conduct. For example, a high school athletic coach hugging a student who made a goal or a kindergarten teacher's consoling hug for a child with a skinned knee will not be considered sexual harassment. Similarly, one student's demonstration of a sports maneuver or technique requiring contact with another student will not be considered sexual harassment. However, in some circumstances, nonsexual conduct may take on sexual connotations and rise to the level of sexual harassment. For example, a teacher's repeatedly hugging and putting his or her arms around students under inappropriate circumstances could create a hostile environment.”
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This latter note of caution points to a dilemma and a potential misuse of laws against sexual harassment. While many cases are unambiguous, there are also cases that are open to different interpretations. Some words and gestures can be misunderstood. A hug that appears perfectly harmless to one person may seem to have sexual implications for another person. After all, people of different cultural backgrounds often have widely divergent traditions, customs, and feelings about the degrees of physical closeness or the frequency of touching others. At any rate, in a multicultural environment like the USA, many teachers have become insecure and over-cautious about how close they should get to their students. This can lead to certain artificial emotional distance and a lack of warmth in the teacher-student relationship. In short,
while sexual harassment needs to be confronted and stopped, one should also avoid sweeping
judgments about every instance of physical or verbal familiarity.
1. U.S. Department of Education: Revised Sexual Harassment Guidance: Harassment of Students by School Employees, other Students, or Third Parties. For the full text, click
here.
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