被禁止的性行为与性暴力

性暴力: 性骚扰: 性骚扰的形式 3

一项美国的中学性骚扰报告调查了8-11年级（14-17岁）在校学生。调查发现4/5的男女学生在学校经历过某种形式的性骚扰。甚至，据该报告报道“在学校的言辞和举止的性骚扰常常就发生在教师的眼皮底下，在小学就可能发生，而且让男孩和女孩都感到非常苦恼”。总而言之，“性骚扰成了在校男女生日常生活的一部分”[1]。第二个大学校园性骚扰的报告调查了大学生（18-24岁）。调查发现“接近2/3的大学生报告说他们在大学已经遭遇到某种形式的性骚扰”。并且“接近1/3的大学生报告说他们经历过以性含义的方式被触摸、突然被抓住和被掐捏等诸如此类的身体接触形式的性骚扰”。最后，第二个报告陈诉道“女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和性别转换（LGBT）的大学生与异性恋大学生受到的性骚扰相差不大”[2]。

现在尚不确定从这些调查结果是否就能够做出一个大体的结论。例如，在芬兰的一项全国性的性调查中，受调查者被问到他们是否在18岁以前就已经受到过性骚扰。在美国和芬兰的调查结果证明全部都相似：少女和男同性恋青少年比同年龄的异性恋青少年更多地受到性骚扰。不过，实际的调查数据存在显著差异：只有17%的女生和8%的男生报告有这样的经历。另一方面，其中许多人不仅被一人性骚扰，而且被多人（男友、女友、其他男孩和女孩以及成人）性骚扰。

现有的不同来源的调查数据就能够充分反映美国和欧洲的一些有意义的文化差异，不仅性骚扰本身有文化差异，而且被调查者理解性骚扰的方式和研究者的研究方式也存在文化上的差异。有充分的理由可以认为，一些文化比另一些文化在性方面更具有侵犯性。也有充分的理由可以认为，一些文化对性骚扰这个单一的问题更为敏感。最后要说明的是，用于不同国家的各种各样的研究手段常常不具有可比性。

芬兰的性骚扰

本图表显示受到各种人员性骚扰的小于18岁的男女青少年的百分比。
 资料来源： O. Kontula and E. Haavio-Mannila, Sexual Pleasures - Enhancement of Sex Life in Finland, 1971-1992, Chapter 11. For the full text of the survey, 请点击 此处.

[1].  美国大学妇女联合会(AAUW)：怀有敌意的走廊.——中学里的欺凌弱小者、戏弄和性骚扰 (2001)。欲参考全文，请点击此处。

[2].  美国大学妇女联合会(AAUW)：划定分界线——大学校园的性骚扰(2006)。欲参考全文，请点击此处。

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Sexual Harassment: Forms of Harassment 3

An American report on sexual harassment in school surveyed students from the 8th to 11th grade (ages 14-17). It found that four of five students - female and male - had experienced some type of sexual harassment in school. Indeed, according to the report, “sexual harassment - words and actions - in school happens often, occurs under teachers' noses, can begin in elementary school, and is very upsetting to both girls and boys”. In sum: "Sexual harassment is part of everyday life for boys and girls at school." (1) A second report on sexual harassment on campus surveyed college students (ages 18-24). It found that “nearly two-thirds of college students say they have encountered some type of sexual harassment while at college” and that “nearly one-third of students say they have experienced physical harassment, such as being touched, grabbed, or pinched in a sexual way.” Finally, the report stated that “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students are more likely than heterosexual students to be sexually harassed.” (2)
It is unclear whether one can draw general conclusions from these findings. For example, respondents in a national sex survey in Finland were asked whether they had been sexually harassed before the age of 18. The overall pattern proved to be similar in both the Finnish and American studies: Female and homosexual male adolescents had been subjected to more harassment than heterosexual males of the same age. However, the actual figures were very different: Only 17% of the women and 8% of the men reported such experiences. On the other hand, many of them had been harassed not only by one, but by several people (boyfriends, girlfriends, other boys and girls, adults).
The present divergent data could very well reflect some significant cultural differences between the US and Europe, not only with regard to the behavior itself, but also to the way it is perceived by the respondents and studied by the researchers. It may very well be that some cultures are sexually more aggressive than others. It may also be that some are more sensitive to the entire issue of sexual harassment. Finally, the various research instruments used in different countries often do not allow valid comparisons.

(1) AAUW: Hostile Hallways - Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School (2001).
     For the full text click here.
(2) AAUW: Drawing the Line - Sexual Harassment on Campus (2006). For details click here.

Sexual harassment in Finland
The graph shows the percentage of female and male teenagers under 18 who were sexually harassed by various persons.
Source: O. Kontula and E. Haavio-Mannila, Sexual Pleasures - Enhancement of Sex Life in Finland, 1971-1992, Chapter 11. For the full text of the survey, click here.