被禁止的性行为与性暴力

性暴力: 性器官毁损: 藉口 5

宗教的藉口
一些伊斯兰社会认为女性性器官毁损是依据宗教戒律所必需的。实际上，这种习俗早于先知穆罕默德出生就存在，而且在可兰经（Koran）里没有任何部分提到这种习俗。这种习俗的拥护者因此会引证穆罕默德言行录（the Hadith），即叙说穆罕默德的详细功绩和语录。不过，其中的一些言行录似乎被人曲解了。甚至官方的声明、埃及伊斯兰最高当局、爱资哈尔清真寺教主锡克（the Grand Sheykh of Al-Azhar）也一再重申“在伊斯兰法律的宗教戒律里没有这种习俗”。不管怎样，虽然一些非穆斯林遵守这种习俗，但是世界上的多数穆斯林并不仿效。

经济的藉口
女性性器官毁损也有经济方面的藉口：

• ① 这种手术是构成实施女性性器官毁损的那些人员的收入来源之一。终止这种习俗会剥夺他们的生计。

• ② 在一些文化里，遭受阴户部分切除和阴户切除的女孩会得到较高的新娘定价，即由新郎家庭支付给新娘父母的金钱价格。这是新娘父母坚决要求实施这种手术的重要动机。

• ③ 在大多数涉及到女性性器官毁损的文化里，婚姻是女性得到经济保障的唯一途径。但是，如果没有这种手术，她们就没有机会出嫁。

显然，要改变这些社会环境简直比登天还难！！！

Prohibited Sexual Behavior and Sexual Violence

Sexual Violence: Mutilation of Female Sex Organs: Justifications 5

Religion
Some Islamic communities believe that the mutilation of female sex organs is required by their religion. Actually, the practice predates the birth of the prophet Mohammed and is nowhere mentioned in the Koran. Proponents therefore cite the hadith, i.e. reports describing the deeds and sayings of the prophet. However, some of these seem to have been misinterpreted. Indeed, in an official declaration, the highest Islamic authority in Egypt, the Grand Sheykh of Al-Azhar, has reaffirmed that “no religious precept in Islam justifies the practice”. In any case, the majority of Muslims in the world do not follow it while some non-Muslims do.

Economics
The mutilation of female sex organs also has economic aspects:
1. The operations constitute a source of income for those who perform them. Ending the practice would deprive them of their livelihood.
2. In some cultures, girls who have undergone an excision or infibulation will command a higher bride price, i.e. money paid to her parents by the family of her bridegroom. This is an important incentive for her parents to insist on the operation.
3. In most of the cultures concerned, marriage is the only way for females to find economic security. However, without the operation they have no chance of finding a husband.

Obviously, changing these conditions is a very tall order.