变异的性行为

术语鉴别

随着岁月的流转，赫希菲尔德的原初区分导致他做出了进一步的区分。例如，他后来也撰造了术语“易性癖（transsexualism）”，自他之后，其他学者承续了这个领域研究。如今，我们至少知道有数个不同的性少数族群，他们都会穿着另一个性别的服饰。

近数十年来，这个普通的术语“换穿异性服饰（cross-dressing）”逐渐变得普及起来，因为这个术语在没有暗含行为习惯或特殊的行为动机的前提下，只是描述一种行为。所以，这个术语可以用于上述所提及的所有的性变异行为以及许多其它所涉及到的事例（例如，可以用于正式的场合、化妆舞会，等等）。与之不同的是，术语“跨性别者（transgender）”尽管使用得也相当的普遍，但是它意味着故意与传统的女性和男性性别角色离经叛道。术语“跨性（transgenderism）”和“跨性者（transgenderist）”起初用于那些对外科性别矫正（所谓的“性别改换”）手术不感兴趣的易性癖者，这些异性癖者更愿意保持“在两性之间的状态”。如今，这种用法已经泛化，包括任何拒绝传统的女性气质和男性气概定义的行为。我们可以在许多不同的个体中观察到这样的行为，他们的性行为变异范围非常之大。这样的行为也许涉及到或没有涉及到换穿异性服饰，但是会以某种方式表达他们拒绝传统的性别角色的意愿。

最后提请您注意：性别（gender）与性取向（sexual orientation）相互是独立存在的。所以：我们在此一点也没有涉及到任何性少数族群个人特定的性取向，哪怕暗示这些人的性取向都没有。这些人也许是异性恋的、双性恋的或同性恋的性取向。

跨性者标志
该标志融合男女的生物学标志再加上十字交叉的箭头作为两性的跨性者的标志。

Transgender symbol
merging the biological signs for female and male
and adding a crossed arrow as a combination of both.

Sexual Minorities: 6. Transvestites

Terms

Over the years, Hirschfeld’s original distinction led him to additional distinctions. For example, he later also coined the term “transsexualism”, and after him others continued research in this field. At any rate, today one recognizes several different groups of persons who wear clothing of the other sex:

1. Transvestites (TV) are persons who occasionally, frequently or permanently dress in the clothes of the other sex and also adopt its gestures and mannerisms. However, this behavior does not express a true self-identification with the other sex. On the contrary, while having no doubts about their own femaleness or maleness, transvestites enjoy playing the gender role that contradicts their gender identity. In the case of male transvestites, one may speak of “gynemimesis” (imitation of females); in the case of female transvestites, one may speak of “andromimesis” (imitation of males).
2. Fetishistic transvestites (also called transvestophiles) derive some sexual excitement from wearing clothes of the other sex.
3. Transsexuals (TS) are persons whose self-identification as females or males is contradicted by their physical sex. They feel uncomfortable in their “wrong” bodies and therefore try to adapt their outward appearance to their innermost conviction. Some of them have also organized as a special minority (see below).
4. Intersexuals or intersexes are persons born with some physical irregularity who require medical attention as they grow into adult females and males (see Intersexuality).

In recent decades, the general term “cross-dressing” has become popular, because it simply describes a behavior without implying a habit or a particular motive. Therefore, it can be applied to all the cases mentioned above and also to many others (for example to ceremonial occasions, costume balls, etc.). In contrast, the term “transgender”, while also rather general, implies a conscious divergence from the traditional female and male gender roles. The terms “transgenderism” and “transgenderists” were originally applied to transsexuals who had no interest in sex reassignment surgery (a so-called “sex change”) and preferred to remain “between genders”. Today, the usage has broadened to include any behavior that defies the traditional definitions of femininity and masculinity. Such behavior may be found in many different individuals along a very wide spectrum of variations. It may or may not involve cross dressing, but it will, in some fashion, express the rejection of traditional gender roles.
Finally, please, note: Gender and sexual orientation are independent of each other. Therefore: Nothing is implied here about the sexual orientation of the persons in any of these groups. It may be heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual.