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IUD in
place.
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宫内避孕器（另参见：历史记载：宫内避孕器）
宫内避孕器(简称IUDs)从古代起就已经为人所知晓。然而，近年来，已经研制出创新的款式。现代宫内避孕器是一种具弹性的金属或塑料制小物件，其底端连接着尼龙线。顾名思义，宫内避孕器由医生放置到妇女的子宫内，达到避孕的目的。它的形状和大小各异。当今，使用最多的宫内避孕器是一种呈T形的小装置，有两种类型可供选用：持续释放少许铜离子型，其他的成品为释放孕激素型。时至今日，我们仍未获得宫内避孕器如何发挥作用的令人信服的解释。也许，不知何故，它不让精子与卵子相遇，因为在正常的条件下（未安放避孕器时——译者注）它们能够相遇；或者它阻止受精卵植入子宫内膜。
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也有人提出了其他的数个理论解释。现在只是有一点可以肯定：只要被放进了子宫内，它就是一种非常有效的避孕装置。宫内避孕器可以不间断地佩戴数年，当然，如果已经戴上了避孕器的妇女打算怀孕，也可以随时去医院取出避孕器。
然而，并不是每一个妇女都适宜使用宫内避孕器，所以，医生的预先检查和咨询意见是必须的。在有些病例，宫内避孕器可能导致严重的痛经和出血，有些从未生育过的妇女尤甚。发生这种情况，就可能迫使医生取出避孕器了。可是，许多女性在某些初发的不适过去以后，很容易适应宫内避孕器。然而，即使没有任何症状，这个装置也可以在本人不经意间脱出来。所以，重要的是要在每个月经周期检查它是否存在；一般通过触探留存于阴道内的尼龙尾丝而确定它是否滑脱。
避孕效果：非常有效。
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各型宫内避孕器。最右边者有粗粗的干，含缓慢释放的激素。
Various shapes of IUDs.
The first one from the right has a hormone-releasing thicker stem.
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Contraception
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Methods
of Contraception: Contraceptive
Methods for Women
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IUDs
Intra-uterine (contraceptive) devices, or IUDs for short, have been known since ancient times. However, in recent years new types of these devices have been developed. A modern intra-uterine device is a small piece of flexible metal or plastic with nylon threads attached to the bottom. As the name indicates, it is inserted by a doctor into a woman's uterus where it prevents pregnancy. Intra-uterine devices come in various shapes and sizes. Today, the most IUD is a small T-shaped device, available in two basic versions: Some continuously release copper, others release the hormone
progestin. |
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At present, there is still no satisfactory explanation of how the IUD works. Perhaps it somehow keeps the sperm cells and the egg from meeting under the right conditions, or it prevents the fertilized egg from being implanted in the uterine wall. Several other theories have been suggested. Only one thing is certain: The IUD is very effective as a contraceptive device as long as it is in place. It can be worn for years without interruption and, of course, it can be removed at any time if the woman wants to become pregnant.
However, not every woman will tolerate an IUD well, and therefore a doctor’s prior examination and advice are essential. In certain cases, particularly if the woman has not yet had any children, the IUD may cause severe cramps and bleeding. This may force the doctor to remove it. Many women, however, adapt easily to the IUD after some initial discomfort. . However, even when there is no problem, the device may slip out without the woman's knowledge. It is important, therefore, to check its presence after each menstrual period by feeling for the nylon strings which reach a little way into the vagina.
Effectiveness: very effective.
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