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避孕
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错综复杂的问题
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历史记载:
宫内避孕器（另参见：女性避孕方法：宫内避孕器）
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E.格拉芬伯
Ernst Gräfenberg
(1881-1957)
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古埃及骆驼夫们就已经知晓放进骆驼子宫内的小鹅卵石会防止骆驼怀孕。对于每次数周和数月横穿沙漠的旅行来说这是重要的知识。然而，直到20世纪早期，对避孕有兴趣的妇产科医生才开始在妇女的子宫内放置新装置进行试验，以防止非意愿怀孕。第一个宫内避孕装置（IUDs）是“格拉芬伯环”（Gräfenberg ring），用盘绕的银丝所制成，用其发明者E.格拉芬伯的名字来命名。与其他的宫内避孕装置比较，格拉芬伯环显然更安全和不会引起盆腔发炎。可是，格拉芬伯环却遭到了来自于内科医生方面的抵制，所以限制了它的广泛运用。最后，于1960年代，格拉芬伯环被我们今天比较熟悉的其它宫内避孕装置所替代。
后来，当格拉芬伯被纳粹党人迫害的时候，玛格丽特·桑格帮助他逃到了美国。在美国他同样以发现格拉芬伯点（G-点）而知名。 |
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由左及右：放送格拉芬伯环的器械、格拉芬伯环样品、显示放置的格拉芬伯环的X-光照片
From the
left: Top:
Device for
inserting
the
Gräfenberg-ring,
three
samples of
the ring,
X-ray
showing
position of
inserted
ring
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Contraception
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A
Complex Issue
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Historical
Notes: Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs)
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Ancient Egyptian camel drivers already knew that a pebble inserted in the uterus of a camel prevented it from becoming pregnant. This was important knowledge for caravans travelling through the desert, often for weeks and months at a time. In the early 20th century, however, gynecologists interested in contraception began to experiment with new devices which, inserted into a woman's uterus, would prevent unwanted human pregnancies. One of the first of these intra-uterine devices (IUDs) was the "Gräfenberg ring", made of coiled silver wire and named after its inventor, the German gynecologist
Ernst Gräfenberg. In contrast to other models, the Gräfenberg ring was remarkably safe and did not lead to pelvic inflammation. However, it met with great resistance on the part of many physicians and this restricted its general acceptance. Finally, in the 1960's, it was replaced by the other IUDs more familiar today. |
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When Gräfenberg was later persecuted
by the Nazi régime, Margaret
Sanger helped him to escape
to the US where he had a successful
private
practice and eventually also became known as
the discoverer of the Gräfenberg spot
(G-spot).
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