|
避孕
|
|
错综复杂的问题
|
|
历史记载:限制家庭人口规模
|
|
|
|
安东尼·康斯托克
Anthony Comstock
(1844-1915)
避孕的强权反对者
A powerful foe of contraception.
|
|
|
|
|
通过避免非意愿妊娠，男男女女们也从个人的层面设法限制其家庭人口规模，所运用的方法从性交中断法（coitus abruptus，俄南于体外泄精，圣经，起源第三十八章：第六至十节）到使用各种各样的阴道拴和草药调和物。流产也是古代广泛实践的限制人口的方法。可是，古代所使用的所有这些方法仍旧不安全和极不可靠，直到19世纪，相继发明了避孕套、宫颈帽和阴道隔膜后，这一状况才得到改变。不过，19世纪早期，限制人口规模就已经被看作是正在兴起的社会运动，英国尤甚，要求有权对贫困的工人阶级妇女使用避孕手段。这个运动却遭到了来自宗教和政治当局的的反对。甚至卡尔·马克思和恩格斯也未支持这项运动。在美国，有一个自封的、后来由官方正式任命的道德督察，名叫安东尼·康斯托克，他说服国会通过了一项反对通过邮件派送“淫秽材料”的法律。就他的观点看，这项法律也包括反对派送避孕知识的材料，所以，他动用他的特权成功地阻止了许多医学流产而导致多人死亡以及将许多医生送进了监狱。他也纠缠计划生育倡导者玛格丽特·桑格。直到20世纪后半叶，避孕才成为大多数妇女容易利用的节制生育手段。这是由于许多社会学和科学先驱们有胆有识努力的成果。 |
|
Contraception
|
|
A
Complex Issue
|
|
Historical
Notes: Limiting
Family Size
|
|
Individual women and men also tried to
limit the size of their families by avoiding unwanted pregnancies, using methods from coitus abruptus (the biblical Onan in Genesis 38: 6-10) to various vaginal plugs and herbal concoctions. Abortion was also widely practiced in the ancient world. However, all of these methods remained unsafe and largely unreliable until, in the 19th century, effective condoms could be manufactured and the cervical cap and later the diaphragm were invented. However, the early 19th century already saw a growing social movement, especially in England, demanding access to contraception for poor working mothers. This movement encountered enormous opposition from religious and political authorities. Not even the "liberators of the working class"
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels supported it. In the United States,
Anthony Comstock, a self-appointed, later officially authorized moral watchdog, persuaded congress to pass a law against sending “obscene materials” through the mails. For him, this also included contraception information, and, using his special powers, he succeeded in ruining many lives and putting physicians into prison. He also harrassed the birth control advocate
Margaret Sanger. It was only in the second half of the 20th century, that contraception became easily available to most women. This was due to the courageous efforts of many social and scientific pioneers. |
