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避孕
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错综复杂的问题
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历史记载:
玛格丽特·桑格—计划生育的先驱
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玛格丽特·桑格
Margaret Sanger
(1883-1966)
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作为纽约贫民区的一名护士，玛格丽特·桑格目睹了许许多多妇女的生育悲剧。不久，她意识到她能够通过给妇女传授有关怎样避孕的知识来为她们提供最好的服务。因此，她着手撰写和出版有关避孕知识的宣传册，这些知识在那时还是非常敏感的话题。在写作过程中，她创用了术语“计划生育”（birth
control，翻译成“控制生育”更确切——译者注）。
1916年，桑格和她的妹妹在布鲁克林(美国纽约市西南部的一区——译者注)开了一家计划生育诊所，这是美国此类诊所的第一家。诊所开张不久就以“妨害公众罪”的名义被查封，并且桑格姊妹被送进囚犯工厂服了30天的劳役。当时针对桑格的一系列相继的指控、起诉和警察行动最终激起了越来越多的公众反对，他们支持桑格的工作，并且于1936年导致法院裁决允许医生处方使用避孕药具。可是，许多州仍维持禁止出售避孕药具的法令，直到1965年和1970年美国最高法院的两个裁决之后，最后的禁令才得以取消。
1927年，桑格成立了“美国计划生育联盟”（American League for Birth Control），1942年经过数次机构合并和更名，美国“计划生育联合会”（Planned Parenthood Federation）宣告成立。1953年玛格丽特·桑格成为“国际计划生育联合会”（International Planned Parenthood Federation）的第一任主席，并且在她的晚年，她主要投身于非洲的计划生育事业。 |
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Contraception
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A Complex Issue
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Historical
Notes: Margaret Sanger - A Pioneer of Planned Parenthood
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As a nurse in the poorer sections of New York,
Margaret Sanger saw much sexual misery. She soon realized that she could help poor women best by giving them information about how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Therefore, she began writing and publishing about this then very touchy subject. In the process, she coined the term "birth control".
In 1916 Sanger and her sister opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the US. This clinic was immediately closed as a "public nuisance", and the Sanger sisters were sentenced to 30 days in the workhouse. Many subsequent accusations, prosecutions and police actions against Sanger eventually led to increasing public support for her work and to a 1936 court decision allowing doctors to prescribe contraceptives. However, many states still retained laws against their sale, and it was not until after two US Supreme Court decisions in 1965 and 1970 that the last restrictions were removed.
In 1927 Sanger organized the "American League for Birth Control" and in 1942, after several organizational mergers and name changes, a "Planned Parenthood Federation" came into existence. In 1953 Margaret Sanger became the first president of the "International Planned Parenthood Federation", and she devoted her remaining years mainly to problems of birth control in Asia. |
