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避孕
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错综复杂的问题
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历史记载:避孕套
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Gabriele Fallopio
(1523-1562)
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避孕套的发明常常被归功于意大利解剖学家Gabriele Fallopio，他也发现了以他的名字命名的输卵管（Fallopian
tubes）。可是，他的遗著《法国病》（梅毒）所描述的这个装置是一个小小的亚麻鞘，仅覆盖阴茎头，而且打算用于预防梅毒感染。也有人曾经报告，古人用过像避孕套样的装置，但是这样的传言缺乏根据。
一些作者把避孕套的发明归功于17世纪英国内科医生康德姆（Dr. Condom, Condum or
Conton），但是，在历史档案里却从没有记载过这样的一个人。在18世纪，亚麻制避孕套使用范围受到了限制，随着时间的推移，绵羊盲肠制的避孕套逐渐投入实用。19世纪后半叶，随着硫化橡胶制造工艺的改进，乳胶避孕套达到了批量生产。可是，它们的推广使用却受到了来自各种宗教和政治团体的阻扰，因为宗教和政治团体认为防止怀孕和预防疾病会强化性自由，并推测由此进而导致“道德败坏”。20世纪早期，发展出无缝避孕套，而且分别在药店和理发店都有出售。但是其质量和效果仍无起色。
现今，由于官方质量管理的原因，在许多国家都容易得到安全而有效的避孕套，常常从自动售套机就容易获得。避孕套不仅用于避孕，而且再一次像意大利解剖学家Fallopio那个时代一样，主要用于预防性传播疾病的感染，包括预防艾滋病（这样的用途，避孕套就被人称为安全套——译者注）。当然，就为了这个理由，现在许多政府积极促进使用安全套，例如利用大众传媒号召大家关注安全套。 |
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德国卫生健康部门支持这个广告，以鼓励使用安全套。图片底部的文字翻译下来是：不要给艾滋病以可乘之机！用安全套做爱！
The German ministry of health supported this ad encouraging condom use. The text at the bottom reads in English translation: Don't give AIDS a chance! Do it with (a condom)!
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Contraception
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A
Complex Issue
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Historical
Notes: The Condom
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The invention of the condom is often credited to the Italian anatomist
Gabriele Fallopio who also discovered the oviducts named after him (Fallopian tubes). However, the device described in his posthumous book on "The French Disease" (Syphilis) consisted of a small linen sheath covering only the glans of the penis, and it was meant to prevent infection. There also have been reports of condom-like devices used in ancient times, but such claims stand on rather shaky ground.
Some writers have credited the invention to a legendary 17thcentury English physician
Dr. Condom, Condum or Conton, but no such person has ever been documented. In the 18th century, linen condoms had a limited distribution, and, over time, condoms made from sheep gut became available. With the improving manufacture of vulcanized rubber in the second half of the 19th century, latex condoms began to reach a mass market. However, their distribution was hindered by objections from various religious and political quarters, because preventing pregnancies and infections increased sexual freedom and thus supposedly furthered "immorality". Seamless condoms were developed in the early 20th century and sold discretely in drug stores and barber shops. However, their quality and thus their effectiveness remained poor.
Today, thanks to official quality control, safe and efficient condoms are easily available in many countries, often from vending machines. They are used not only for contraception, but once again, just as in Fallopio's time, mainly for the prevention of infection with sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. Indeed, for this reason many governments now actively promote the use of condoms, using the mass media to call attention to them. |
